| Group | Until 1931 Census | 1941 Census | 1951-2011 |
|---|---|---|---|
| SC & ST | Collected & Published | Collected & Published | Collected & Published |
| OBC | Collected & Published | YES Collected but NOT Published | NOT Collected, NOT Published |
| Census Period | जनसांख्यिकीय परिवर्तन | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1) Stagnant Population (1901-1921) |
गतिहीन | High | High | In Census 1921 population declined (-0.31%) compared to 1911, due to WW1, Drought, Epidemics, Spanish flu. 1921 called "Year of Great Demographic Divide" |
| 2) Steady Growth (1921-51) |
अतिवृद्धि | High | Medium | Called 'Mortality induced growth' because death rate declined → population rising |
| 3) Rapid High Growth (1951-1981) |
तेजी से उच्च वृद्धि | High | Low | Agri revolution, Medical research, Life expectancy increased. But people yet to change breeding behavior → Population explosion / 'Fertility induced growth' |
| 4) High Growth with Signs of Slowing Down (1981-2011) |
उच्च वृद्धि लेकिन धीमी | Medium → Low | Lower | Birth rate gradually ↓ due to family planning, nuclear family, high cost of living |
| Stage | Birth Rate | Death Rate | India in this period |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1: High Stationary | HIGH | HIGH | Upto 1920 |
| 2: Early Expanding | HIGH | MED. | 1921-51 |
| 3: Late Expanding | MED. | LOW | 1971 onwards (India is here) |
| 4: Low Stationary | LOWER | LOWER | Most developed countries. India to enter here ~2026 |
| 5: Declining Stage | LOWEST & lower than Death Rate | LOWEST | Population shrinks. E.g. Japan |
British scholar Thomas Robert Malthus (1798):
| Indicator | Definition | Data (Approx) |
|---|---|---|
| Population Density (जनसंख्या घनत्व) |
Number of people per square kilometer | 382 in 2011 |
| Natural Growth vs Actual Growth |
Natural Growth: Births – Deaths Actual Growth: Births – Deaths + In Migration – Out Migration |
- |
| Decadal Population Growth Rate (दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर) |
(Latest Census - Last Census) / Last Census × 100 | 17.7% in 2011 |
| Birth Rate (जन्म दर) |
Number of live births per 1000 population | ~20 in 2018 (SRS) |
| Death Rate (मृत्यु दर) |
Number of deaths per 1000 population | ~6 in 2018 (SRS) |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | (Live births during year) × 1000 / Estimated mid-year population | - |
| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | (Number of deaths) × 1000 / Estimated mid-year population | - |
| Population Growth Rate (जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर) |
Difference between birth rate and death rate | Positive = natural increase. Close to zero = stabilized/replacement level |
| Fertility Rate (प्रजनन दर) |
Number of live births per 1000 women in childbearing age group (15 to 49 years) | - |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (कुल प्रजनन दर) |
If woman lived through childbearing age group, how many babies would she have produced hypothetically? | India's target: 2.1 (Replacement level). ES22: TFR declined from 2.2 (2015) to 2 (2019) |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (शिशु मृत्यु दर) |
Number of infant deaths under age of 1 year per 1000 live births | ~34/1000 in 2016, 32 in 2018 (SRS) |
| Child Mortality Rate (CMR) (बाल मृत्यु दर) |
Number of child deaths under age of 5 years per 1000 live births | ~50 in 2016. SDG-2030 Target: 11 |
| Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) (मातृ मृत्यु अनुपात) |
Number of women who die in childbirth per 1 lakh live births | ~130 in 2016. SDG-2030 Target: 70 |
| Life Expectancy (जीवन प्रत्याशा) |
Estimated number of years that average person is expected to survive | Indian Females (70), Males (67). ES22: Urban (72.6) > Rural (68.0). Highest: Kerala & Delhi (75-75). Lowest: Chhattisgarh (65) |
| Sex Ratio (लिंगानुपात) |
Number of females per 1000 males | 2011: 943. Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years): Declined from 927 (2001) → 919 (2011) |
| Doctor: Patient Ratio | WHO requires 1 doctor for every 1000 people | India: 1 doctor for every 834 people (ES23) - Both Allopathic and Ayush |
| Dependency Ratio (निर्भरता अनुपात) |
(Population below 15 & above 64) ÷ (Population in 15-64 age group) | - |
Migration: Person settled in place different from previous residence
| Push Factors (धक्का देने वाले कारक) |
Pull Factors (आकर्षित करने वाले कारक) |
|---|---|
| Lack of jobs/good salary/Biz Opportunity | Presence of jobs/good salary/Biz Opportunity |
| Lack of Basic amenities: water, shelter, hospital | Presence of Basic amenities |
| Disasters, floods, famines | Absence of disasters |
| Crime, War, lack of safety | Safe, peaceful society |
Census-2011 Data:
Departments:
Key Organizations:
Full Form: Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy
Systems:
Umbrella Scheme: Combines Rural and Urban health programs
Ayushman Bharat: Two components:
| Component | Indicator |
|---|---|
| Health | Life Expectancy at Birth |
| Education | Mean Years of Schooling, Expected Years of Schooling |
| Standard of Living | GNI per capita (PPP $) |