🇮🇳 Chapter 9: Indian National Movement

Early Phase (1885-1919): From Moderates to Extremists

🏛️ Foundation of Indian National Congress (1885)

                🎯 Background: Super PYQ
                Growing political awareness among regional organizations
1883: Indian National Conference recognized need for pan-Indian platform
Idea formally proposed by Allan Octavian Hume (retired British civil servant)

📅 First Session (December 1885)

Place: Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay 1885
President: Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee (first INC President) President
Attendees: 72 delegates
Founder (disputed): A.O. Hume

                🔍 Safety Valve Theory PYQ
                Theory: INC created as "safety valve" by A.O. Hume
Purpose (British view): Allow grievances to be expressed in controlled manner
                    
Prevent: Major uprising against British rule
Nationalist View: NOT accepted - INC was natural result of nationalist efforts
                    
Reality: Early nationalists used INC as platform for political struggle
Outcome: INC transformed into powerful tool against British rule

            

📚 First Phase (1885-1905): The Moderates

🎯 Aims & Methods

Aspect	Details
Main Demand	Increase Indian representation in government & political reforms
Focus Area	Civil services where Indians faced discrimination
Methods	Constitutional agitation, petitions, appeals to British authorities
Approach	Avoided direct confrontation with British
Mass Involvement	Did NOT involve masses in active struggle
Contribution	Laid foundation for future mass movements

👥 Key Moderate Leaders

Dadabhai Naoroji: "Grand Old Man of India" - Drain Theory
Gopal Krishna Gokhale: Political mentor to Gandhi
Pherozeshah Mehta: Bombay leader
Mahadev Govind Ranade: Social & political reformer
Surendranath Banerjee: Bengal leader

🎯 Achievements

Created political awareness among educated Indians
Exposed economic exploitation by British
Established INC as permanent political organization
Built foundation for future mass nationalism

🔥 Second Phase (1905-1919): Rise of Extremists

⚡ Partition of Bengal (1905) Super PYQ

                📅 16 October 1905
                Division:
                Eastern Bengal: Muslim-majority (present-day Bangladesh & Assam)
Western Bengal: Hindu-majority (Bihar, Bengal, Odisha)


                Impact:
                Sparked nationwide protests
Beginning of aggressive phase of freedom struggle
Nationalists realized petitions were ineffective
Led to rise of extremists who believed in direct action

            

👊 Key Extremist Leaders (Garam Dal = Hot Faction)

Leader	Contribution
Bal Gangadhar Tilak Lokmanya	• Newspapers: Kesari (Marathi) & Mahratta (English) • Revived Shivaji festival (1895) • Started Ganpati festival (1893)
Lala Lajpat Rai Punjab Kesari	• Punjab leader • Active in protests & movements
Bipin Chandra Pal	• Bengal leader • Active in Swadeshi Movement
Aurobindo Ghosh	• Advocated complete independence • Revolutionary ideology

                🔥 Lal-Bal-Pal Trio: Famous trio of extremist leaders representing Punjab, Maharashtra,
                Bengal
            

🧵 Swadeshi Movement (1905) Super PYQ

📍 Congress Session 1905 (Banaras)

President: Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Resolution: Beginning of Swadeshi Movement
Goal: Self-reliance & economic independence
Method: Boycott British goods, promote indigenous industries

🎨 Cultural Impact

"Amar Sonar Bangla": By Rabindranath Tagore → later national anthem of Bangladesh
"Vande Mataram": From Bankim Chandra's Anandamath → theme song of movement
Bharat Mata painting: Symbolizing Mother India became inspirational icon
Oriental Society of Art (1907): Established to promote Indian artistic traditions
Indian art flourished: Painters moved to Indian themes & temples

👥 Key Contributors

Chakravarti Ganesh Deshkar:
• Proposed Swadeshi in 1904
• Wrote "Deshkartha" (later banned by British)
Chidambaram Pillai:
• Founded Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company
• Challenge British shipping dominance
Acharya P.C. Ray:
• Established Bengal Chemical Factory
• Promoted indigenous industry

❌ Limitations

Muslim Support: Struggled to gain Muslim support
Reasons:
1. British "Divide and Rule" policy
2. Lack of strong Muslim leadership in movement
3. Movement largely led by Hindu leaders
Result: Formation of All India Muslim League (1906)

                🕌 Muslim League (1906): PYQ
                Founders: Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka, Siddharth Khan
Support: With British backing
Position: Maintained loyalty to British while claiming to represent Muslim
                        interests

            

⚔️ Moderates vs Extremists

Aspect	Moderates	Extremists
Leaders	Gokhale, Naoroji, Mehta	Tilak, Lal Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo
Methods	Constitutional methods, selective boycotts	Total boycott of British goods & services
Approach	Gradual approach	Direct action
Goal	Reforms within British system	Complete independence (Swaraj)

🤝 Dadabhai Naoroji's Compromise (1906)

                Four Key Resolutions: Super PYQ
                Rejection of Partition of Bengal
Demand for Swaraj (Self-rule)
Promotion of Swadeshi (Indigenous Goods)
Boycott of British Products & National Educational Institutions

            

💔 Surat Split (1907) Super PYQ

📍 What Happened

Year: 1907 1907
President: Rashbehari Ghosh (Moderate)
Issue: Differences over reorganization
Result: Physical altercation, session ended in chaos
Outcome: INC split into Moderates & Extremists

🎭 British "Carrot and Stick" Policy

                Carrot (Appeasement):
                Appeased Moderates with limited reforms

                Stick (Repression):
                Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Imprisoned in Mandalay Jail for 6 years
                        PYQ
Lala Lajpat Rai & Bipin Chandra Pal: Jailed for 1 year each

📜 Constitutional Acts (1858-1909)

1. Government of India Act (1858) Super PYQ

Formally ended: Company Rule
Transferred power: To British Crown
Queen's Proclamation (1858): Issued at Darbar Hill, Allahabad
• Princely states' rights respected
• No further territorial expansion
• Religious tolerance promised
• Indians eligible for administrative services (merit-based)
Changes:
• Governor-General → Viceroy of India
• Created: Secretary of State for India (British minister)
• Created: 50-member Council of India
• Abolished: Board of Control & Court of Directors

2. Indian Councils Act (1861)

Introduced limited representation in legislative process
Indians could be nominated to legislative councils
Decentralization: Restored legislative powers to provinces
Portfolio System: Departments headed by specific officers
New Legislative Councils: Bengal (1862), Bombay & Madras, Punjab (1897)
Viceroy's Power: Issue ordinances during emergencies

3. Indian Councils Act (1892)

Increased non-official members to ~20
Maintained official majority
Expanded functions: discuss budget, ask questions
Indirect elections (word "election" not explicitly mentioned)

4. Indian Councils Act (1909) - Morley-Minto Reforms Super PYQ

                Key Provisions:
                Allowed elections to Provincial Legislative Councils
Indirect elections through Electoral College (landlords, traders, teachers)
                    
Abolished official majority in Provincial Councils (retained in Central)
Allowed discussion on budget, voting on separate items
Separate electorates for Muslims with lower income qualifications PYQ
First Indian to Viceroy's Executive Council: Satyendra Prasad
                            Sinha


                ❌ Criticism:
                Failed to satisfy Indian aspirations
Separate electorates divided Indian society
Reinforced British "Divide and Rule" policy

            

💣 Revolutionary Nationalism (1876-1915)

🔥 Bengal

                Anushilan Samiti (1902):
                Leaders: Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Jatindranath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin)
Magazine: Yugantar (advocated armed revolution)
Method: Bomb attacks & assassinations


                Alipore Bomb Case (1908): PYQ
                Target: Douglas Kingsford (British judge)
Attempt by: Khudiram Bose &Prafulla Chaki
Mistake: Bombed carriage with 2 British women
End: Khudiram hanged, Prafull shot himself
Arrested: Barindra Ghosh, Aurobindo Ghosh (acquitted)

            

🔥 Maharashtra

1897: Chapekar brothers (Damodar & Balkrishna) assassinated W.C. Rand & Lt. Ayerst in Pune
1904: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar formed Abhinav Bharat (secret society)
1909: Assassination of A.M.T. Jackson in Nashik
Punishment: Savarkar sentenced to Cellular Jail, Andaman

🌍 Revolutionary Activities Abroad

                India House (London, 1905):
                Founder: Shyamji Krishna Varma
Notable: Madan Lal Dhingra assassinated Curzon Wyllie (1909)
Madame Bhikaji Cama: Published "Bande Mataram" from Paris


                Ghadar Movement (1913-1915): Super PYQ
                Formed in: USA & Canada by Punjabi expatriates
Leaders: Lala Hardayal, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Sohan Singh Bhakna
Newspaper: The Ghadar (weekly)
Goal: Armed uprising in India (1915)
Support: Germany (during WWI)
Result: British intelligence crushed, mass arrests & executions


                Komagata Maru Incident (1914):
                376 Indian passengers denied entry into Canada
Forced to return to India
British forces opened fire at Budge Budge (Calcutta)
Fueled anti-British sentiments

            

🎯 Other Notable Acts

1912: Ras Bihari Bose & Sachindra Nath Sanyal bombed Lord Hardinge's procession in Delhi
Tamil Nadu: Vanchi Iyer assassinated British collector Robert Ashe

🏠 Home Rule Movement (1916-1918) Super PYQ

🎯 Background

WWI Hardships: Food shortages, rising prices, economic distress
Disillusionment: 1909 Morley-Minto Reforms failed to grant self-rule
Political Deadlock: Congress weakened by moderate-extremist divisions
Demand: Swaraj (self-rule) gaining momentum

📍 Two Home Rule Leagues

Aspect	Tilak's League (April 1916)	Annie Besant's League (Sept 1916)
Coverage	Maharashtra, Karnataka, Central Provinces	Rest of India (Bombay, Madras, UP)
Branches	6 branches	200 branches
Focus	Political education, vernacular languages	Rapid expansion, attracted major leaders
Notable Leaders	-	Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai

🔥 British Repression

1917: Annie Besant arrested → mass protests
Protest: Subramania Iyer renounced his knighthood
Support: Muhammad Ali Jinnah defended Tilak in legal cases

✅ Impact

Created nationwide political awakening
Strengthened demand for Swaraj
Pressured British → Montagu Declaration (1917)
Laid foundation for Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
Spread nationalism into rural areas
Connected urban elites with masses

🤝 Lucknow Pact (1916) Super PYQ

📍 Key Points

Reunited: Congress & Muslim League in joint session
Congress Concession: Accepted separate electorates for Muslims
Demand: More Indian representation in legislatures
Criticism:
• Set precedent for communal politics
• Potentially encouraged similar demands from other communities

📜 Montagu Declaration & Reforms (1917-1919)

📅 Montagu Declaration (20 August 1917)

British promised responsible government in India
Committee formed under Edwin Montagu (Secretary of State for India)

⚖️ Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) PYQ

                Dyarchy in Provinces:
                Reserved Subjects (British Governor & Executive Council):
                        
• Law, Finance, Police, Irrigation
                    
Transferred Subjects (Indian Ministers):
                        
• Health, Education, Local Government, Industry
                    
                ❌ Weaknesses:
                Governor had overriding powers
Real autonomy was weak
Failed to satisfy nationalists
Led to Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

🎯 PYQ Sniper Shots

Q: When was Indian National Congress founded?
A: December 1885 in Bombay

Q: First President of INC?
A: Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee

Q: Who proposed the idea of INC?
A: Allan Octavian Hume

Q: When was Bengal partitioned?
A: 16 October 1905

Q: Who were Lal-Bal-Pal?
A: Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal (extremist trio)

Q: When was Surat Split?
A: 1907

Q: How long was Tilak imprisoned in Mandalay?
A: 6 years

Q: When was All India Muslim League founded?
A: 1906

Q: Morley-Minto Reforms year?
A: 1909 (Indian Councils Act)

Q: First Indian in Viceroy's Executive Council?
A: Satyendra Prasad Sinha

Q: Who was Khudiram Bose?
A: Revolutionary who attempted to kill Douglas Kingsford (1908), later hanged

Q: Who founded Abhinav Bharat?
A: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1904)

Q: Ghadar Party leaders?
A: Lala Hardayal, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Sohan Singh Bhakna

Q: When was Home Rule Movement launched?
A: 1916 (Tilak: April, Annie Besant: September)

Q: When was Lucknow Pact signed?
A: 1916

Q: Montagu Declaration year?
A: 20 August 1917

Q: What was Dyarchy?
A: Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): Divided subjects into Reserved (British) & Transferred (Indian)

UPPCS Modern India • From Your Class Notes