🧂 Chapter 11: Gandhian Era Part 2

Civil Disobedience to Poona Pact (1930-1934)

✊ Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) Super PYQ

                📅 Launched: 12 March 1930
                
Symbol: Salt (Salt Tax was unjust)
                
Goal: Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence)

🚶 Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha)

Start: Sabarmati Ashram (12 March 1930)
End: Dandi (Gujarat Coast) (6 April 1930)
Distance: 240 miles
Participants: Gandhi + 78 followers
Action: Picked up handful of salt to break Salt Law

🌍 Regional Spread:

Region	Leader/Activity
NWFP (Peshawar)	Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi) • Organization: Khudai Khidmatgar (Red Shirts) • Garhwali regiment refused to fire on unarmed protesters
Kerala	K. Kelappan (Calicut to Payyannur)
Nagaland	Rani Gaidinliu (Led tribal revolt, arrested)
Dharasana (Gujarat)	Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, Manilal Gandhi • Brutal lathi charge by British
Assam	Satyagraha at Salty Nokuli Coast

🤝 Round Table Conferences (London)

1️⃣ First RTC (1930-31)

Boycotted by: Indian National Congress (INC)
Attended by: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Muslim League, Princely States
Result: Failure (without Congress, no legitimacy)

2️⃣ Second RTC (Sept-Dec 1931) PYQ

Attended by: Mahatma Gandhi (Representing Congress)
Result: Failure
• Disagreement on minority issue
• Winston Churchill called Gandhi "Half-naked Fakir"

3️⃣ Third RTC (1932)

Boycotted by: Congress
Result: Led to Government of India Act 1935

📜 Gandhi-Irwin Pact (Delhi Pact) - March 1931 Super PYQ

                🤝 Signed between: Mahatma Gandhi & Lord Irwin (Viceroy)
                
Mediators: Tej Bahadur Sapru & M.R. Jayakar

✅ Agreed Points:

Immediate release of political prisoners (non-violent)
Right to make salt for personal use
Right to peaceful picketing
Return of confiscated land (not yet sold)
Gandhi agreed to suspend CDM & attend 2nd RTC

❌ Controversial Points:

Irwin refused to commute death sentence of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru
Refused inquiry into police excesses

🚩 Karachi Session (March 1931) PYQ

President: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Resolution: Fundamental Rights & National Economic Program
Significance: First time "Swaraj" was defined to include economic freedom
Endorsed Gandhi-Irwin Pact

🗳️ Communal Award & Poona Pact (1932) Super PYQ

📉 Communal Award (Aug 1932)

Announced by: Ramsay MacDonald (British PM)
Provision: Separate Electorates for Depressed Classes (Dalits)
Gandhi's Reaction: Saw it as attempt to divide Hindu society
• Went on Fast unto Death in Yerwada Jail (Pune)

🤝 Poona Pact (24 Sept 1932)

Signed between: Gandhi & Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Agreement:
• Abandoned Separate Electorates for Depressed Classes
• Instead, Reserved Seats increased (71 to 147) in Provincial Legislatures
Outcome: Saved Indian unity, ensured political representation for Dalits

📜 Government of India Act, 1935 Super PYQ

                Key Features:
                All-India Federation: Proposed (never materialized as Princely States refused)
                    
Provincial Autonomy: Diarchy abolished in provinces, introduced at Centre
Bicameral Legislature: Introduced in 6 provinces
Separate Electorates: Extended to women, labor
New Institutions:
                        
• Federal Court (1937)
                        
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

🗳️ 1937 Provincial Elections

Congress won majority in 8 out of 11 provinces
Coalition Govts: Assam, NWFP, Sindh
Punjab: Unionist Party (Sikandar Hayat Khan)
Bengal: Krishak Praja Party + Muslim League
Congress Ministries: Ruled for 28 months (Resigned in 1939 due to WWII)

🎯 PYQ Sniper Shots

Q: Dandi March started on?
A: 12 March 1930

Q: Who is known as Frontier Gandhi?
A: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Q: Who led Salt Satyagraha in Dharasana?
A: Sarojini Naidu

Q: Which RTC did Gandhi attend?
A: Second Round Table Conference (1931)

Q: Gandhi-Irwin Pact date?
A: 5 March 1931

Q: Who drafted Fundamental Rights resolution at Karachi?
A: Jawaharlal Nehru (Session presided by Patel)

Q: Poona Pact was signed between?
A: Gandhi and Ambedkar (1932)

Q: RBI was established under which Act?
A: Government of India Act, 1935

Q: How many provinces did Congress form govt in 1937?
A: 8 Provinces

UPPCS Modern India • From Your Class Notes